Different
kinds of cities are to be found: cities-strongholds, cities-capitals,
cities-fairs, ports and etc., and etc. Kharkov - the second on significance
city
of Ukraine after Kiev, owes its rise
to opening of Kharkov Emperor's
university
in 1805. There are all the foundations to
consider this event to be the main precondition for constitution
in
Kharkov of its own
architectural school - at
first as
a community of practicing architects and then as
a system of reproduction of professionals.
However this did happened
not at once; the process of forming of the Kharkov architectural school
had been developing
in
the last decades
of the XIX century and had completed in
general in the 1900-th.
Creation
of the university (the second in Russian empire after the Moscow one)
played a key role in
transformations of an urban way of life, in attracting to
Kharkov land
of numerous
Russian and foreign specialists of the very different fields,
including
building engineering and architecture. This circumstance promoted
building of the railway branch-line from Moscow to the south of Russia
via Kharkov (1869); due to that considerable finances were poured
in Kharkov, the development of local trade and industry obtained
an unprecedented scale.
The
consequences of all above mentioned were not only gradual strengthening
of the significance of Kharkov in the Empire, but also fast transformations
inside the city. Among them the most essential for our subject are
the forming (again on the basis of Kharkov university) of a very trustworthy
Kharkov school of municipal management1 and the building
boom of the 1880-th - 1910-th.2 In the rapidly developing
city increased the demand for architects and building engineers. There
emerged the necessity of creation of a corresponding educational base.
1. From the City History
The majority of historians connect
the beginnings of the city with the Liberation War of Ukrainian people
(1648-1654) and with the Reunion of Ukraine and Russia in 1654. In
1654-1655 a numerous group of resettlers from behind Dnieper arrived
here and having settled down on the hill, built up their dwellings,
and soon the erection of Á defense fortress has begun. Thus the largest
city center of the left-bank Ukraine was found. Contemporary Kharkov
with the 1.6 million population has a large economic, industrial,
scientific, cultural potential. Kharkov is the greatest educational
power in Ukraine. There are more than 180.000 students of Higher Schools
here.
1.1
Permanent Trade
Kharkov from the old times was
famous of its fairs. As far as in 1659 the city got the permission
for the yearly Assumption fair and for weekly auctions. Henceforth
80 days yearly there took place lively trade: on Epiphany (January,
7 - February, 1), Trinity (June, 1-17), Assumption (August, 18 - September,
1) and Protection (October, 1-26) fairs. A lot of various goods flew
together here. They were brought from St. Petersburg and Baltic harbors,
Moscow, Suzdal, Tula, Kiev, Crimea, Taganrog, Tsaritsin (now Volgograd),
Samara, Saratov etc. At the same place one could buy goods and wears
from Poland, Silesia, Moldavia, Turkey and other countries. The weight
of Kharkov fairs in all-Russian commodity circulation was essential.
The strengthening of significance
of the South - the Novorussia lands - has entailed the growth of significance
of Kharkov as the permanent intermediary between the South and the
Center of the state in their trade connections and relations. Kharkov
trade began flourishing not only during traditional fairs, but also
in so-called fair breaks.
The rise of the economic significance
of the city was accompanied by transformation of Kharkov into a large
(at those times) administrative center. In 1765, on January, 18 Kharkov
got the status of a principal town of Slobodsko-Ukrainian province,
which was renamed in 1835 to Kharkov’s province. From 1870 Kharkov
achieved the rights of city self-government.
From that very moment the rates
of growth of city population constantly increased: in 1850 it was
41.861 people, in 1861 - 50.391, in 1871 - 85.562, in 1881 - 128.445,
and in 1901 - 198.237. In connection with the widening of cultural
demands of its inhabitants and the population of Kharkov’s and
neighbour provinces new educational establishments appear in Kharkov3.
After the opening of the university in 1805 Kharkov became an intellectual
center of all the Southern Russia (more details will discuss further).
Of course all these factors stimulated permanent Kharkov trade.
On May, 22 of 1869 the first
train came to Kharkov from the North, having opened the movement on
Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway. Railway construction, which turned Kharkov
into the junction of the new way of transportation of goods from the
most remote lands, still more reinforced Kharkov trade in the second
part of the XIX century and made a noticeable turn in the character
of trade activity.
1.2
Development of Credit Institutions
A great role in the development
of the city played the rise of the powerful coal and metallurgical
industry in the neighbour regions - Donbass and Krivorozhye. The closeness
of Kharkov to those regions, the availability of working force, grown
up not on the basis of original cottage industry, but rather under
the influence of the powerful educational center, and at last, considerable
trade capital - all that turned the city into the biggest finance-industrial
center in the South of Russia (transport and trade one also).
The mentioned above growth of
permanent trade, together with the development of industry and handicraft
production caused the necessity of organization of credit, which could
fill up the lack of entrepreneur’s cash capitals. It’s
natural that credit institutions of different types appeared in Kharkov:
joint-stock, public, reciprocal. The two last ones were a characteristic
feature of Kharkov: private enterprise was widely developed.
Such
strong development of credit institutions dates from the second part
of the XIX century, from the end of the 60-s. At that time in Kharkov
there were 12 credit institutions, the city was distinguished by the
volume of its trade turnover, being a transmissive point between industrial
Russia and her Southern region - Novorussian land.
1.3
University
Already
in the XVIII century due to its collegium - a unique educational institution
in Ukraine - Kharkov gained the significance of educational center
of Slobodskaya Ukraine. In 1768 Additional classes of Kharkov collegium
were opened; they provided training of the stuff for civil and military
institutions. The graduates, the first local architects, produced
in 1787 the first real project of the city development.
In the XIX century Kharkov became
“mental”4 and science-educational center of
all the South-Eastern Russia. It owes this high position among other
cities to the establishment of three new higher education institutions,
first of all - the university. Kharkov university, operating from
1805, produced as its branch Veterinary institute (in 1839 it was
a veterinary school by the university, in 1850 - a separate college,
in 1873 - an institute). Due to the university the opening of the
Practical technological institute became possible in 1885.
None of the Russian universities
was so closely connected with the city, in which it had been founded
and where it was functioning, as Kharkov University. The main fact
of its foundation Kharkov University owes to a local public figure
V.N. Karazin, who is justly considered as the founder of this institution.
But Karazin himself would have been helpless if he had not met moral
and material support of the society (not only of nobility, but also
of other layers of Kharkov population - province officialdom, the
merchants and petty bourgeois). The enlightened helper of V.N. Karazin
and provader of his ideas was the city mayor E.E. Uryupin (at that
time he was a merchant of the third guild, and later for his assistance
in organization of Kharkov University he was granted a noble rank of collegium assessor).
In spite of the fact that in
1802, before the opening of the university Kharkov was the main city
of the province and was distinguished by its fairs and already existing
educational institutions, formally it could not pretend on the opening
of the university in it. The city was not ready for that, considering
the number of its inhabitants, its city budget, the city accomplishment,
and the state power didn’t realize the necessity of the opening
there of the educational establishment, that had not yet existed neither
in Kiev, nor in Petersburg.
The situation was firming gradually.
V.N. Karazin highly appreciated the propagation of moral ideas of
the famous Ukrainian philosopher-humanist and enlightener G.S. Skovoroda,
whose friends and admirers became later the main figures, deciding
the question of material donation on the new educational institution;
and that fact obviously was not occasional. E.E. Uryupin also was
a good friend of G.S. Skovoroda and a follower of his ideas, he was
an outstanding person of civic honour and courage. Mainly it was just
he, who turned out to be the main mover of the idea of the university
among the citizens. As for Karazin, he used his closeness (due to
his work in the department of public enlightenment) to the Emperor
and, being a compiler of the plan of public education in Russia, he
solicited for the opening of the university in Kharkov.
Kharkov Emperor’s University
was created in the image and likeness of Moscow University. The attitude
towards the University of the city administration and city community
was always benevolent and full of respect. Kharkov rendered assistance
to the University, mainly - with money. But all that was a drop in
the bucket in comparison with what Kharkov has
hound later from the University.
In order to get an idea of this
it’s necessary to discuss briefly those sides of the University
life, which were closely connected with city culture. Some of the
cultural phenomena entirely owe their origin to the University.
The scientific sphere of activity, which was initiated, supported and developed by the University, made the
city a Ukrainian scientific center. One after another a number of
scientific societies was established by the University: philological
(1813), medical (1861), that of naturalists (1869), of physics-chemistry
sciences (1872), history-philology (1876), mathematical (1879), agricultural
(1880), juridical (1890). The names of outstanding scientists in different
fields of knowledge are connected with Kharkov. Today Kharkov scientists
also do carry weight in the world scientific community
The development of literary
activity in Kharkov in the XIX century was also closely connected
with the University; the same can be said about journalism.
Here first were published: “Kharkov Democritos” “Ukrainian
herald”, “Morning Star”, “Molodyk” (“Young
man”), newspapers “Kharkov weekly” (1812), “Kharkov
News” (1817, 1818). The university typography worked not only
for the University, but for the city and also for all the educational
region. The University had the right of censorship of the materials,
printed there.
The sphere of art
- in the broad sense - gained its development under a significant
assistance of the University. For example, on the basis of collections
of painting, engraving and moulds, bought by and granted to the University,
a Museum of Fine Arts was established.
On the whole, we may say about
the wide influence of the University on material and spiritual life
of the city. Why was it so and where from came that all-Ukrainian
influence of the University?
The First Regulations of the University
put it at the head of all the
educational business in the whole educational region ― i.e.
higher than all the secondary and primary schools. Kharkov educational
region at that time was enormous. Besides Kharkov province it included:
Chernigovskaya, Voronezhskaya, Kurskaya, Poltavskaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya
(now ― Dnepropetrovskaya), Khersonskaya, Tavricheskaya (Crimea)
regions, territory of Donskaya Army and Caucasia. A bit later Kievskaya,
Orlovskaya and Tambovskaya regions were also included there. Thus
at that time Kharkov educational region included those provinces,
which later became a part of Kievskiy, Odesskiy and Caucasian educational
regions!
This put Kharkov into a special
privileged position in comparison with all the rest cities of Kharkov
region. Toward them it played the role of a circuit, central city,
thogh it was inferior to many of them as in a number of citizens,
as in antiquity, as in some other aspects. But none of those cities,
including Kiev had its own university at that time, and their secular
educational establishments were in hierarchical dependence from Kharkov
Emperor’s University. In its region the university accomplished
supervision on teaching, upbringing, administrative and economic work,
took measures for the opening of gymnasias, district and parish schools,
employed and dismissed the personnel, and had its own jurisdiction
over the stuff.
Western Europe got acquainted
with Kharkov through the mediation of the University due to the fact,
that at first the main way to form the professors’ collegium
was the invitation of foreign professors to Kharkov from abroad. German
professor Meiners and even Goethe contributed into making up of the
stuff. Among 47 lecturers of Kharkov University during the first ten
years of its work there were 29 foreigners.
Those were lecturers from Germany (18 persons), Slavic lands
(7), France (4 ones). Foreign professors had brought with them the
academic traditions of the ancient Western universities, they introduced
to youth not only sciences, but also new languages, in which they
delivered lectures. Studying
youth and to a certain extent Kharkov society got an opportunity to
become acquainted with living bearers of West-European culture.
Numerous collections, scientific
library, different laboratories, observatory zoological, biological,
mineralogical architectural rooms, a room of rarities - in the XIX
cent. Kharkov University could be proud of all those and other possessions.
On the spot of a forestry a university garden was layed, the upper
terrace of which was occupied by Á landscape park (now - Shevchenko’s
Garden), and the lower one - by botanical gardens with greenhouses
and hothouses.
Kharkov relative to Ukraine
is compared with Athens relative to other Greek cities. Maybe, it
is too boldly, but one may say with confidence that Kharkov owes its
rapid growth and development in the XIX century and its high position
among the cities of all the South of Russian Empire to a greater extent
to Kharkov University, than to trade, even not taking into consideration
the fact, that education itself is a precious acquisition.
Before the opening of the University
Kharkov could not be compared with Poltava, Kursk, Orel, Voronezh
and even Belgorod. Such raise of Kharkov could not be possible only
due to trade and favorable geographical position, as shows an example
of neighbor Sumy and Kursk; and as for industry at that time it was
rudimentary. It was just the University, which attracted to the city
an enlightened community - and it turned to be sufficient for the
forthcoming success of industry, financial inflow and all the rest
aspects, that elevate the city among the others and give it the future.
2. Kharkov on the border of XIX and XX centuries
Kharkov architects of this period in a majority
were educated in learning institutions of St. Petersburg ad
Moscow. Some of them worked on probation in Europe (in Germany, France).
On their arrival in Kharkov, they brought architectural tendencies
and different creative methods, perceived far from “midday land”.
Here
is a list of most significant architects, who worked in Kharkov in
the 1880-th - 1900-th5:
M.I. Lovtcov (1850-1907) - born in Ryazan (Russia); graduated in
1873 from St. Petersburg Institute of
Civil Engineers (S-PICE); adherent of eclecticism,
Russian-Byzantine and neo-roman styles; professor of Kharkov Technology
Institute (KTI) from 1889;
A.N. Beketov (1862-1941) - a Kharkovite; in 1885 graduated from St.
Petersburg Academy
of Art (AA); built mainly in neo-renaissance; academician of architecture,
in different times taught in KTI, Kharkov Art Institute (KAI) and
during the soviet time in Kharkov Institute of Communal Engineering
(KICE);
V.V. Velichko (1864-1923) - born in Warsaw; graduated in 1887 from
AA; worked mainly in neo-renaissance; architect of Kharkov university;
K.N. Zhukov (1873-1940) - a Kharkovite; graduated in 1897 from Moscow
School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (Stroganov School);
one of the founders of “Ukrainian modern style”; professor
of KAI, taught in KAI and in the School of Printers;
B.N. Korneyenko (1871-1916)
- born in Elisavetgrad (now Dnepropetrovsk); graduated from S-PICE
in 1893; eclectic, preferred neo-Ukrainian style (or “Ukrainian
modern style”8);
Brothers S.I. (1836-1904) and
I.I. (1851-1919) Zagoskin - born in Kostroma (Russia); Sergey Iliodorovich was the
alumnus of St. Petersburg Institute of Railroads Engineers, professor
of KTI; both brothers were adherents of eclecticism;
B.G. Mikhalovski (1830-1909)
- born in Vilno (now - Vilnius, Lithuania); in 1849 graduated from
S-PICE; eclectic; taught in the I-st Kharkov Real School;
B.S. Pokrovski (1836-1903)
- a Kharkovite; in 1857 graduated from S-PICE; eclectic (neo-baroque,
neo-renaissance, neo-Russian style, etc.);
V.N. Pokrovski (1864-1924)
- born in Kamenets-Podolski in Galichina; in 1888 graduated from AA;
eclectic (neo-baroque, neo-renaissance, neo-Byzantine, neo-Russian
style, etc.); professor of Art School and KTI;
A.M. Ginzburg (1876-1949)
- born in Slavyansk (Donetsk region, Eastern Ukraine); in 1898 graduated
from physics-mathematical faculty of Kharkov university, in 1903 -
engineering faculty of KTY; a representative of Modern style (Art
Nouveau); in the soviet time - professor of KICE;
A.I. Rzepiszewski (Rzhepishevski) (1879-1930) - born in Akkerman (Odessa province); in 1903 graduated from
S-PICE, in 1904-1906 studied in Paris Ecole de Beaux Arts; a representative
of Art Nouveau;
Y.S. Tsaune (1862-1930?)
- in 1891 graduated from AA; eclectic (neo-renaissance); teacher and
architect of KTI;
V.A. Estrovich (1881-1941)
- born in Rossien (Kovel province); in 1907 graduated from S-PICE;
eclectic (neo-Romanic, neo-classicism; later one of the bright representatives
of Art Deco;
Ivan-Emily-Otto P. Ginsch (1834-?)
- Dane (later Russian citizen); in 1865 graduated from AA; eclectic
(motives of French renaissance, Romanic, Gothic); in the 2-nd half
of the XIX century - architect of the University.
Kharkov more than
any other Ukrainian city of that time was closely ideologically connected
with the Northern capital of the Empire, with St. Petersburg, as for
town planning and architectural outlooks and principles. Construction
of many significant buildings in Kharkov was conducted by Petersburg
architects. Thus, the first five corps of Kharkov Practical Technological
Institute were erected about 1877 in a so-called “brick style”
by the design of St. Petersburg architect R.R. Genrichsen. Russian-Asian
(Nothern) bank in Sumskaya street was built in 1908-10 in modernized
classicism by the design of O.R. Munts and A.K. Schpigel. The largest
in the city “Astoria” hotel in the former St. Paul square
(“Nothern Art Nouveau”), was erected in 1910-1913 by architect
N.V. Vasilyev (St. Petersburg) together with a Kharkovite A.I. Rzepiszevski.
And at the time of Kharkov Art School construction in the former Kaplunovskaya
str. (now it’s the “old” building of the Industrial
Art Institute in the Red Banner street) as a result of polemics about
the existence of original features of folk Ukrainian architecture
the project of K.N. Zhukov, was approved. The author of this project,
which was executed in stylistics of national-romantic trend of Art
Nouveau, was an alumni of Moscow
Stroganov School.
By the way, Kharkov
Modern style (art Nouveau) - is also a polivalence phenomenon. While historians
call the Mamontov’s circle and F.O. Schechtel’s “Gothic”
as the origins of Moscow Modern style6, and St. Petersburg
Art Nouveau has the evident Scandinavian and German features due to
intensity of cultural contacts with the countries of Nothern Europe
at that time, in Kharkov three characteristic trends find their place:
- decorative, freely
operating by relief and flat ornamental adornments using floral and
animal motives;
- constructive,
making emphasis on the exposure of plastic qualities of building materials;
- free interpretation
of forms and proportions of historical styles.7
On
the late stages of the style development a “national note”
sounds emphatically in Kharkov Modern style (K. Zhukov, V. Krichevski
and others). The theme of folk dwelling as the basic motive for architectural
variations, is widely used in this trend. It’s necessary to
note, that traditional forms, arriving here, in the left-bank lands, and flourishing
as the “national” trend of Art Nouveau, are not vernacular,
because they are western-Ukrainian.
As we can see, tolerant attitude
towards architectural ideas, brought to Kharkov lands, became a specific
feature of Kharkov regional architectural school, while it was forming
in the described period. Just this approach caused such bright style
variety, which is noticeable in the buildings of those years. A lot
of them remained in contemporary Kharkov. The same attitude, as we’ll
show it below, is a characteristic feature also for the next generations
of Kharkov architects.
3. Not so remote consequences
Today, a hundred years later,
it’s quite evident that since the moment of creation of its
own educational base Kharkov has gained the significance of an important
architectural center. In 1918-1934, when Kharkov was the capital of
the Soviet Ukraine republic, those architects, who were educated in
local schools, became agents of the ideas of art pluralism. Such a
specific professional quality which appeared to be very useful in
the Kharkov conditions was undoubtedly a direct result of Kharkov
architectural history. All the mentioned above facts and events created
prerequisites for the own method of architectural training, based
on acceptance of a wide spectrum of professional ideas (certainly,
on condition that artistic taste and engineering competence are developed).
One can affirm that by the “capital period” of Kharkov
the reproduction of architects was put on a production line.
Capital post-revolution Kharkov
quickly constructed the unprecedented here yet buildings for the organs
of the new power. As it was set up in the soviet times, they didn’t
grudge money for the capital, “throwing” here also significant
creative forces. Kharkov became a lab for new architecture9,
where all the new flew in organically, being based on already drawn
attitude towards newly brought things.
The most bright buildings of
this period are now the reading-book samples: Kharkov general post
office (A. Mordvinov), the Gosprom building (house of the state industry;
S. Serafimov, S. Felger, M. Kravets, M. Felger) and the rest of monuments
forming the ensemble of the former Dzerzhinski square, a remarkable
collection of the “capital” period buildings, representing
with dignity constructivism and domestic version of Art Deco. In the
all-union and international competitions for GPO, Gosprom, a theatre
for mass actions participated I. Golosov, Vesnin brothers, V. Gropius
― and together with them, as equals -
architects-Kharkovites.
In those years Kharkov architects
experimented not only with large public buildings, but they also built
new kinds of dwelling houses and elaborated vanguard planning decisions.
There has been formed a fundamentally different structure of new town
districts. Dwelling complexes and separate houses had their own names,
also presenting the “spirit of the time”: "Red Ray",
"Red Industrialist", "House of Specialists",
"Red Chemist", "New Way of Life", "Tobacco
Worker", "Word".
Rejecting of historicism in
architecture, unwillingness to follow its secular canons, search for
completely different, new means of expression of the Modern movement
ideology were considered to be characteristic indicators or even signs
of the epoch. It’s right also that the doctrine and compositional
system of constructivism are the products of creativity of Moscow
Society of Modern Architects,
famous OSA headed by M. Ginzburg and Vesnin brothers (Ukrainian branch
of OSA was functioning in Kharkov).
So, what are the distinctive
features of Kharkov architectural
school? The main thing, in our opinion, is that on the territory of
a relatively young city (in comparison with other centers of architectural
education) its own architectural tradition had not been formed, had
not appeared the “architectural zest”, determining all
the following developments of the local architecture ―such things,
that in western cities had been formed for ages. During all the time
of city existence architectural ideas were brought to Kharkov ―
both from neighbor Russia and immediately from Europe. The city had
no historical opportunity to bring up something really own, and in
that it’s similar rather to the young cities of the New World.
Only the sources of the things, that are introduced, are different,
as different are the historical destinies of countries and towns.
Just due to that the benevolent
and constructive attitude towards the ideas, incoming on the regional
ground, became a unique way, which could be realized and become a
core of Kharkov architectural tradition, which we’ve called
in the title of this article “uncritical regionalism”.
Its starting point is the absence of any significant folklore heritage,
of any architectural vernacular. Its basic principles are: tolerance,
dictated by the boundary location and intensive trade connections;
intellectualism, which arose
on the ground of the largest educational center in the country; and
avant-gardism - the easily
perceived by Kharkov architectural school, the shorter and more stormy
its history of the èIX - XX centuries was.
1 çÏ×ÏÒÅÎËÏ×Á ô.í. óÁÍÏÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ
õËÒÁÉÎÅ. - "íÅÄÉÁÐÏÌÉÓ", № 1-2, 1996 - Ó. 62-65,
132-135
2 ðÏÐÏ×
÷. á.ë. ðÏÇÏÒÅÌËÏ (1848-1912) - "ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÇÒÁÖÄÁÎÉÎ ÇÏÒÏÄÁ èÁÒØËÏ×Á".
- "íÅÄÉÁÐÏÌÉÓ", № 1, 1998 - Ó. 102-105
3 The first educational institution in Kharkov was the
Collegium opened in 1727 and attached to Pokrovski (Protection) monastery.
Except theology they taught there philosophy, physics, rhetoric, mathematics,
geography, history, drawings, music, languages (Russian, Latin, Greece,
German, French) and some other subjects. The outstanding Ukrainian
philosopher and writer G. Skovoroda, whose humanitarian ideas greatly
influenced the enlightened layers of Kharkov society of that period
and later on, taught here in the 1770-th.
4 âÁÇÁÌÅÊ
ä.é., íÉÌÌÅÒ ä.ð. éÓÔÏÒÉÑ ÇÏÒÏÄÁ èÁÒØËÏ×Á ÚÁ 250 ÌÅÔ ÅÇÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ
(1655-1905). éÓÔÏÒÉÞ. ÍÏÎÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ. ÷ 2-È Ô. ô. 2 - òÅÐÒÉÎÔÎÏÅ ÉÚÄ.
- èÁÒØËÏ×, 1993. - 982 Ó.
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- ë.: îäІôІáí, 1999. - 447 Ó.
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184 Ó., - Ó.74
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èÁÒØËÏ×: “æÏÌÉÏ”, 1998. - 335 Ó.
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ú.÷. íÏÊÓÅєÎËÏ-þÅÐÅÌÉË. - ë.: ëîõâá, 2000. - 378 Ó.; іÌ.
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Õ ×ÉÝіÊ ÁÒÈіÔÅËÔÕÒÎÏ-ÈÕÄÏÖÎіÊ ÏÓ×іÔі",
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10 æÒÅÍÐÔÏÎ ë. óÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÁÑ ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÁ: ëÒÉÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ×ÚÇÌÑÄ ÎÁ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÀ
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